q & a

Questions
Plants derive energy from the _____________ of Glucose into __________.
The time in which a cell oxidizes glucose is known as______.
The oxidation of glucose into pyruvate is a process known as__________.
What is the energy released during glycolysis used for?
(1) What is the first step of glycolysis?
(2) What happens to the glucose and ATP after the Phosphate is added
(3) What happens to the 6 carbon sugar diphosphate (di=two phosphate)?
(4a) What happens to get the 3 carbon molecule to pyruvate?
(4b) What happens when electrons are transferred from PYRUVATE to coenzyme NAD+?
(5a) What happens to the pyruvate under aerobic conditions?
(5b) What happens to the pyruvate under anaerobic conditions?

Answers
_oxidation_ of Glucose into _pyruvate__
Cellular respiration
Glycolysis (series of steps)
ATP currency of life
(1) addition of two phosphates to the glucose at the expense of two molecules of ATP
(2) The glucose -- 6 carbon sugar diphosphate molecule and 2 low energy adenosine diphosphates (ADP)
(3) it splits into two 3-carbon molecules (3 carbon sugar phosphate)
(4a) electron transport chain
(4b) NADH and ATP formed
(5a) further oxidized to yeild more ATP
(5b) Converted into lactic acid (think muscles)

Fetal Pig anatomy glossary ( I suggest you use ctrl F)

Structure	System	Primary tissues	Functions
Pituitary	Endocrine	Glial cells, bundles of axons, cidophils, basophils and chromophobes cells	Secretes hormones, assists other endocrine gland
Medulla	Central nervous system	epithelial reticular cells commissural fibers	Autonomic functions, respiration, vomiting, swallowing, heart rate, blood pressure etc.
Pons	Central nervous system	Developed from Metencephalon Part of hindbrain	Relays between cerebellum and cerebrum
Midbrain	Central nervous system	Along with pons makes up “brainstem”	CSF, auditory center
Cerebral aqueduct	Central nervous system	Fluid filled cavity within white mater	Contains CSF, connects 3rd and 4th ventricles
4th ventricle	Central nervous system	Fluid filled cavity within white mater	Characteristic diamond shape, doorway to subarachnoid space for CSF through aperatures
Thalamus	Circulatory	Developed from Diencephalon primarily white mater	Controls incoming sensory impulses except those for smell
Hypothalamus	Central nervous system	Cell bodies, capillary blood vessels, gray mater	Homeostasis, supervision and some behavioral controls
Sulci	Central nervous system	n/a	Makes possible the huge surface area (cool if you like being able to think)
Gyrus	Central nervous system	Gray mater Cell bodies, capillary blood vessels	The bulging tissue ridge in the cortex
Epithalamus	Central nervous system	gray mater Cell bodies, capillary blood vessels	Limbic system’s connection with the brain.
Superior colliculus	Central nervous system	Cell bodies, capillary blood vessels, gray mater 3 layers	Touch, pressure, temperature sensory, as well as visual and auditory
Inferior colliculus	Central nervous system	Cell bodies, capillary blood vessels, gray mater	Auditory nerve center
Hippocampus	Limbic system	Gray mater	Part of limbic system, plays role in long term memory
Cerebellum	Central nervous system	Cell bodies, capillary blood vessels, gray mater	Integration of sensory perception, motor control
Arbor vitae	Central nervous system	Cell bodies, capillary blood vessels, gray mater	Tree of life, structure of cerebellum (connections)
Pyriform lobe	Central nervous system	Gray mater Cell bodies, capillary blood vessels	Key in olfaction: recognition of smells
Vermis	Central nervous system	Gray mater Cell bodies, capillary blood vessels	Comparable to gyrus (across hemispheres of cerebellum)
Rhinal Fissure	Central nervous system	(it’s a crevice.)	May have role in separating , timing of signals
Folia	Central nervous system	Gray mater Cell bodies, capillary blood vessels	Tight folds on surface of cerebrum, tighter than those of cerebrum, similar purpose
Trigeminal lobe	Central nervous system (nerve is SNS which is a subset of PNS)	Gray mater Cell bodies, capillary blood vessels	Facial sensation, mastication
Cerebral cortex (neocortex)	Central nervous system	Cell bodies, capillary blood vessels	Conscious though and language specific to humans, important for spatial reasoning, generation of motor commands and sensory perception
Oculomotor nerve	Sensory nervous system	Cell bodies, capillary blood vessels, gray mater	Allows movement of eyes
Corpus collosum	Central nervous system	Commissural axons	White fibers uniting two halves of cerebrum – commissural axons
Lateral ventricle	Ventricular system of brain	(cavity filled with CSF)	CSF circulation, prevent brain trauma
Longitudinal fissure	Central nervous system	n/a	Separates two hemispheres of brain, probably aids in compartmentalizing signaling
Olfactory bulb	Central nervous system (nerve is SNS)	Motor nerve	Essential for smell, without it results in anosmia; inability to detect odors
Corona radiata	Central nervous system	White mater	Key in refined movement
Optic nerve	Sensory Nervous system (aka. somatic nervous system)	←Peripheral nervous system, motor neurons, sensory neurons	Relay sensory information
Caudate nucleus	Central nervous system	Gray mater	Highly innervated by dopamine neurons, key in learning and memory
Basal nuclei	Central nervous system	Gray mater	Motor control, cognition, learning, and emotion
Optic chiasm	Central nervous system	White mater	Right eye connects to left side of brain, left eye to right
Head	n/a	n/a	Snout to neck, structure to house primary sensory organs, allows for pig’s binocular vision, taste, smell, auditory recognition
Neck	n/a	n/a	connects the head and the trunk
Trunk	n/a	n/a	Houses many abdominal organs
Thoracic region	n/a	n/a	Primary respiratory center, central circulation
Lumbar region	n/a	n/a	Usually associated with lower back
Sacral region	n/a	n/a	Continuous with sacral vertebrae
Pinna	Auditory system	Simple squamous epithelial, elastic cartilage	Outward ear, to ‘funnel’ sound
Eyelid	Accessory to eye	Simple squamous epithelium	Protects eye
Nare	part of respiratory system	Simple squamous epithelium	The pig’s nostril, respiration, olfaction
Eye	Many systems.. nervous, sensory	Many tissues	Visual sensory perception
Nictitating membrane	Accessory to eye possibly integumentary	Cartilage/ conjunctiva	Offers limited protection to eye when ‘rooting’
Tongue	Accessory digestive	Skeletal muscle	Manipulating food, taste recognition
Fungiform papillae	Accessory/sensory	Specialized epithelial cells	Structure on end of tongue sensitive to taste
Vibrissae	SNS	Simple squamous epithelium/ nervous	Sensory structure, detect tactile sensations
Digits	Integumentary	Mostly highly keratinized tissue	Part of digitgrade posture
Wrist	Skeletal	Compact bone/ hyaline cartilage	Joint between forearm and manus
Elbow	Many	Compact bone/ hyaline cartilage	Joint between upper arm and forearm
Shoulder	Skeletal (bones)	Compact bone	Allows rotation, adduction, abduction of arm
Teat	Reproductive	Simple squamous	Structure for procuring milk to baby mammals
Umbilical cord	Circulatory	Simple squamous epithelium	Contains umbilical arteries and veins
Allantoic duct	Excretory	Psudostratified columnar epithelium	Channels urine to the allantois, an extra-embyronic sac
Umbilical vein	Circulatory	Tunica intima-endothelium Tunica media- smooth muscle Tunica adventitia collagen fibers	Returns oxygenated, nutrified blood to fetal circulation.
Urogenital opening	Urinary/ excretory	Transitional	Serves as a channel for the excretion of urine and a reproductive pathway for intercourse and birth
Scrotum	Reproductive	Simple squamous epithelium	Contains the descended testis – spermatogenesis requires the lowered semi-external temperature
Genital papilla	Reproductive	Nervous/epithelial	Structure in pig analogous to female clitoris
Anus	Excretory	internal and external sphincters, smooth muscle	opening at the end of the digestive system from which feces (waste) exits the body
Abdomen	Many	Many	lies between the thorax and the pelvis and encloses the stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, and pancreas
Parotid gland	digestive	Cuboidal epithelial	Largest salivary gland, across masseter, into oral cavity opposite the upper 2nd molar
Mandibular gland	Digestive	Cuboidal epithelial	Empties into the buccal cavity just below the tongue
Parotid duct	Exocrine	Glandular epithelium	‘dumps’ saliva into mouth
Masseter muscle	Muscular	Skeletal muscle	Primary muscle of chewing
Mandible	Skeletal	Compact bone	Lower jaw, for grinding and gripping food
Maxillary branch (of facial nerve)	Nervous	Mixed sensory and motor neurons	Serves upper jaw
Mandibular	Nervous	Mixed sensory and motor neurons	Branch of nerve that serves mandible
External maxillary vein	Circulatory	Tunica intima-endothelium Tunica media- smooth muscle Tunica adventitia collagen fibers	Carries blood away from palate and surroundings
Lymph node	Lymphatic system	Squamous epithelium	One of many filtering points
Sternohyoid	Musclular	Skeletal muscle	Depresses hyoid
Sternomastoid	Muscular	Skeletal muscle	flexes and rotates head
Sternothyroid	Muscular	Skeletal muscle	depresses hyoid bone and larynx.
Thyrohyoid	Muscular	Skeletal muscle	depresses hyoid bone: draws thyroid superior if hyoid is in fixed position.
Omohyoid	Muscular	Skeletal muscle	depresses, retracts, and steadies hyoid bone
Larynx	Respiratory/accessory	Stratified columnar epithelium	Voicebox contains vocal cords
Thymus	Lymphatic	Cuboidal epithelium	T-cell maturation, T-reg, Natural Killers
Thyroid	Endocrine	Glandular epithelium	Two lobed endocrine gland (T4!)
Trachea	Respiratory	Pseudostratified columnar ep	‘windpipe’ path of air to lungs from nose/mouth
Cartilage ring	Respiratory	Elastic cartilage	Makes it so your windpipe won’t be compressed and stick together like a dialysis tube.
Mylohyoid	Muscular	Skeletal muscle	Forms the floor of the mouth
Digastric	Muscular	Skeletal muscle	depress the lower jaw and raise the hyoid bone especially during swallowing
Hyoid bone	Skeletal	Compact bone	supports the tongue, the larynx, and their muscles
Scalenus	Muscular	Skeletal muscle	functioning to raise the second rib and to bend and slightly rotate the neck
Internal intercostals	Muscular	Skeletal muscle	Aid in expanding the ribs
External intercostals	Muscular	Skeletal muscle	Aid in pulling the ribs together
Lung	Respiratory	Cuboidal epithelium, pseudostratified columnar ep	basic respiratory organ
Diaphragm	Muscular/Respiratory	Skeletal muscle	partition separating the chest and abdominal cavities
Phrenic nerve	Nervous (pns)	Motor neurons	nerve that transmits motor impulses to the diaphragm
Caudal vena cava	Circulatory	Tunica intima-endothelium Tunica media- smooth muscle Tunica adventitia collagen fibers	large vein carrying blood from the lower portion of the pig's body
Esophagus	Digestive	non-keratinized stratified squamous. skeletal & smooth muscle	tube connecting the mouth and the pharynx to the stomach
Vagus nerve	Mixed nerve ‘Nervous system	Sensory/motor neurons	nerve supplying much of the abdominal viscera as well as the heart
Thoracic aorta	Circulatory	Tunica interna prominent internal elastic membrane Tunica media (w/ smooth muscle)	part of the aorta that lies in the thorax and extends from the arch to the diaphragm
Azygos vein	Circulatory	Tunica intima-endothelium Tunica media- smooth muscle Tunica adventitia collagen fibers	drain the thoracic wall and much of the abdominal wall
Pleura	accessory	Areolar ct	contains a small amount of serous fluid that minimizes the friction of respiratory movements
Pericardium	Accessory	Areolar ct	sac of serous membrane that encloses the heart
R. auricle (atrium)	Circulatory/Muscular	Cardiac muscle	upper chamber of the heart that receives blood and forces it into right ventricle
L. auricle (atrium)	Circulatory/muscular	Cardiac muscle	most powerful of the heart's chambers; pumps blood systematically
Pulmonary trunk	Circulatory	Tunica intima-endothelium Tunica media- smooth muscle Tunica adventitia collagen fibers	Blood to lungs
Aortic arch	Circulatory	Tunica interna prominent internal elastic membrane Tunica media (w/ smooth muscle)	Supply blood to body (not to heart)
Ductus arteriosus	Circulatory	Loose CT	Allows blood to bypass pulmonary circulation (oxygenated in placenta)
Interventricular artery	Circulatory	Tunica interna prominent internal elastic membrane Tunica media (w/ smooth muscle)	Blood supply to ventricles
Apex of heart	Circulatory/Muscular	Myocardium	Overlapped by left lung and pleura. helps pump blood to left atrium
Right median lobe of liver	Digestive/accessory	Squamous ep	Storage of ADEK, proteins, blood filtering, glucagon/glycogen, detoxification
Peritoneum	Accessory	Mesothelium. Connective tissue	Covers organs of peritoneal cavity
Duodenum	Digestive	simple columnar epithelium Brunner's glands in duodenum goblet cells villi and microvilli	Neutralizes acids, emulsifies fats, absorption of nutrients CCK production
Ileum	Digestive	Peyer's patches, simple columnar ep. smooth muscle	Last portion of small intestine
Spiral colon	Digestive/excretory	epithelial clefts goblet cells, epithelial tissue, smooth muscle	Remove as much water as possible, small amount of neglected materials are absorbed
Spleen	Lymphatic	Lymphoid tissue, ligaments, red pulp, white pulp	stores and releases red bloods cells into the bloodstream, recycles old red blood cells from circulation, and aids in the development of white blood cells
Left lateral lobe of the liver	Accessory	Squamous ep	Superior to stomach Storage of ADEK, proteins, blood filtering, glucagon/glycogen, detoxification
Cecum	Digestive	Smooth muscle	large blind pouch forming the beginning of the large intestine
Mesentery	Integumentary	Epithelium, areolar c.t	connect the intestines to the dorsal abdominal wall
Lymph nodules	Lymphatic	Reticular connective tissue, squamous epithelia, simple epithelium	filter pathogens from the lymph
Stomach	Digestive	simple columnar epithelium with goblet cells . 3-layered smooth muscle	Designed to withstand churning and low pH to encourage physical/chemical breakdown of food. Also kills harmful bacteria food may carry into body.
Pyloric sphincter	Muscular/Digestive	Smooth muscle	Sphincter at caudal end of stomach, releases about 1mL/ min stomach contents into duodenum
Pancreas	Digestive/ exocrine/endocrine	Islets of langerhans Pancreatic acini, Pseudostratified columnar ep.	secretes insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin into the bloodstream also enzyme producing for carbohydrates, fats, protein digestion
Gall bladder	Digestive	Smooth muscle	stores and releases bile into the small intestine
Cystic duct	Digestive	Pseudostratified columnar epithelium	conveys bile from the gallbladder to the common bile duct
Hepatic duct	Digestive	Pseudostratified columnar epithelium	excretory duct of the liver, which joins the cystic duct to form the common bile duct
Common bile duct	Digestive	Pseudostratified columnar epithelium	Duct where bile leaves liver
Ileocecal junction	Digestive	Smooth muscle	Where the ileum becomes the cecum
Rectum	Excretory	skeletal muscle rectal valves	lower part of the large intestine, fecal matter stored before excretion
Caudate lobe of liver	Digestive	Hepatocytes	Storage of ADEK, proteins, blood filtering, glucagon/glycogen, detoxification
Cranial vena cava	Circulatory	Tunica intima-endothelium Tunica media- smooth muscle Tunica adventitia collagen fibers	returns blood to the right atrium of the heart from the upper half of body
Costocervical trunk	Circulatory	Tunica interna prominent internal elastic membrane Tunica media (w/ smooth muscle)	a branch of the subclavian artery that divides to supply the first or first two intercostal spaces and the deep structures of the neck
Brachiocephalic trunk	Circulatory	Tunica interna prominent internal elastic membrane Tunica media (w/ smooth muscle)	Supply blood to right side of head, neck, right upper limb and right side of chest
Subclavian vein	Circulatory	Tunica intima-endothelium Tunica media- smooth muscle Tunica adventitia collagen fibers	Drains from arm, connects with internal jugular to brachiocephalic
External jugular vein	Circulatory	Tunica intima-endothelium Tunica media- smooth muscle Tunica adventitia collagen fibers	superficial vein that collects most of the blood from the exterior of the cranium and deep parts of the face and opens into the subclavian vein
Internal jugular vein	Circulatory	Tunica intima-endothelium Tunica media- smooth muscle Tunica adventitia collagen fibers	a vein that collects the blood from the interior of the cranium, the superficial part of the face, and the neck
Axillary vein	Circulatory	Tunica intima-endothelium Tunica media- smooth muscle Tunica adventitia collagen fibers	Branches from subclavian- drains from axilla
Brachial vein	Circulatory	Tunica intima-endothelium Tunica media- smooth muscle Tunica adventitia collagen fibers	From arm, anastimose with other veins to form axillary.
Cephalic vein	Circulatory	Tunica intima-endothelium Tunica media- smooth muscle Tunica adventitia collagen fibers	a large vein of the upper arm along the outer edge of the biceps muscle and empties into axillary v.
Subscapular vein	Circulatory	Tunica intima-endothelium Tunica media- smooth muscle Tunica adventitia collagen fibers	drains blood from the region around the shoulder and shoulder blade
Internal thoracic vein	Circulatory	Tunica intima-endothelium Tunica media- smooth muscle Tunica adventitia collagen fibers	Drains from the deep tissues of the thoracic cavity
External thoracic vein	Circulatory	Tunica intima-endothelium Tunica media- smooth muscle Tunica adventitia collagen fibers	Drains from the more superficial thoracic region
Pulmonary vein (l)	Circulatory	Tunica intima-endothelium Tunica media- smooth muscle Tunica adventitia collagen fibers	return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the superior part of the left atrium
Pulmonary trunk	Circulatory	Tunica intima-endothelium Tunica media- smooth muscle Tunica adventitia collagen fibers	carry oxygen-deficient blood to the lungs: branches into the right and left pulmonary arteries
L. Subclavian artery	Circulatory	Tunica interna prominent internal elastic membrane Tunica media (w/ smooth muscle)	Becomes the axillary artery and passes through the axilla and in the arm becomes the brachial artery- supplies the brain, neck, anterior wall of the thorax, and shoulder
Pulmonary artery	Circulatory	Tunica interna prominent internal elastic membrane Tunica media (w/ smooth muscle)	Passes under the arch of the aorta to the right lung where it divides into branches
Right subclavian artery	Circulatory	Tunica interna prominent internal elastic membrane Tunica media (w/ smooth muscle)	Supply neck, brain, spinal cord, thyroid gland, larynx, shoulder
Right common carotid	Circulatory	Tunica interna prominent internal elastic membrane Tunica media (w/ smooth muscle)	Supply most of head and neck (right side)
Left common carotid	Circulatory	Tunica interna prominent internal elastic membrane Tunica media (w/ smooth muscle)	Supply most of head and neck (left side)
Internal thoracic artery	Circulatory	Tunica interna prominent internal elastic membrane Tunica media (w/ smooth muscle)	To mediastinum anterior thoracic wall, anterior abdominal wall, diaphragm
Thyrocervical trunk	Circulatory	Tunica interna prominent internal elastic membrane Tunica media (w/ smooth muscle)	branch of the subclavian artery that divides into the inferior thyroid, suprascapular, and transverse cervical arteries
Costovcervical trunk	Circulatory	Tunica interna prominent internal elastic membrane Tunica media (w/ smooth muscle)	Arises from subclavian artery and quickly divides into intercostals and other branches
Internal carotid	Circulatory	Tunica interna prominent internal elastic membrane Tunica media (w/ smooth muscle)	supplies the brain, eyes, and other internal structures of the head
External carotid	Circulatory	Tunica interna prominent internal elastic membrane Tunica media (w/ smooth muscle)	supplies the face, tongue, and external parts of the head
Axillary artery	Circulatory	Tunica interna prominent internal elastic membrane Tunica media (w/ smooth muscle)	part of the main artery of the arm that lies in the axilla
Thyroid artery	Circulatory	Tunica interna prominent internal elastic membrane Tunica media (w/ smooth muscle)	Smaller artery that serves the thyroid
Cranial abdominal vein	Circulatory	Tunica intima-endothelium Tunica media- smooth muscle Tunica adventitia collagen fibers	Drains from dorsal abdominal cavity to caudal vena cava
Suprarenal vein	Circulatory	Tunica intima-endothelium Tunica media- smooth muscle Tunica adventitia collagen fibers	arises from the right adrenal gland and empties directly into the inferior vena cava
Renal vein	Circulatory	Tunica intima-endothelium Tunica media- smooth muscle Tunica adventitia collagen fibers	Sometimes very large veins that dump from kidney into Caudal VC
Cranial mesenteric vein	Circulatory	Tunica intima-endothelium Tunica media- smooth muscle Tunica adventitia collagen fibers	Drains from upper intestines into Cranial Vena Cava
Gastroduodenal vein	Circulatory	Tunica intima-endothelium Tunica media- smooth muscle Tunica adventitia collagen fibers	Drains from parts of stomach, duodenum
Gastrosplenic vein	Circulatory	Tunica intima-endothelium Tunica media- smooth muscle Tunica adventitia collagen fibers	Drains from stomach and spleen
Hepatic portal vein	Circulatory	Tunica intima-endothelium Tunica media- smooth muscle Tunica adventitia collagen fibers	blood from the digestive organs and spleen to the liver – hepatocyte action- into systemic circulation
Phrenic vein	Circulatory	Tunica intima-endothelium Tunica media- smooth muscle Tunica adventitia collagen fibers	veins that drain the diaphragm and accompany the phrenic arteries
Ductus venosus	Circulatory	Smooth muscle, areolar ct	Bypasses hepatic circulation, ensures fully oxygenated and nutrified blood gets to heart.
Abdominal aorta	Circulatory	Tunica interna prominent internal elastic membrane Tunica media (w/ smooth muscle)	The part of the aorta between the diaphragm and the bifurcation into the right and left common iliac arteries
Coeliac artery	Circulatory	Tunica interna prominent internal elastic membrane Tunica media (w/ smooth muscle)	first major branch of the abdominal aorta
Cranial mesenteric artery	Circulatory	Tunica interna prominent internal elastic membrane Tunica media (w/ smooth muscle)	Supplies blood to the upper intestines
Cranial abdominal artery	Circulatory	Tunica interna prominent internal elastic membrane Tunica media (w/ smooth muscle)	Visible behind the kidneys, pathway to dorsal abdominal wall
Hepatic artery	Circulatory	Tunica interna prominent internal elastic membrane Tunica media (w/ smooth muscle)	branch of the celiac artery that supplies the liver with arterial blood
Splenic artery	Circulatory	Tunica interna prominent internal elastic membrane Tunica media (w/ smooth muscle)	carries blood to the spleen and sends branches also to the pancreas and the cardiac end of the stomach
Gastroduodenal artery	Circulatory	Tunica interna prominent internal elastic membrane Tunica media (w/ smooth muscle)	Supplies blood to lower parts of the stomach and the nearby duodenum.
Phrenic artery	Circulatory	Tunica interna prominent internal elastic membrane Tunica media (w/ smooth muscle)	arteries supplying the diaphragm
Umbilical arteries	Circulatory	Tunica interna prominent internal elastic membrane Tunica media (w/ smooth muscle)	Takes fetal blood to placenta for gas, nutrient, and waste exchange.
Gonadal artery	Circulatory	Tunica interna prominent internal elastic membrane Tunica media (w/ smooth muscle)	Abdominal aorta serving each gonad
Caudal mesenteric artery	Circulatory	Tunica interna prominent internal elastic membrane Tunica media (w/ smooth muscle)	Blood flow to lower intestines
External iliac artery	Circulatory	Tunica interna prominent internal elastic membrane Tunica media (w/ smooth muscle)	Carries oxygenated blood to thigh and skin
Internal iliac artery	Circulatory	Tunica interna prominent internal elastic membrane Tunica media (w/ smooth muscle)	Carries oxygenated blood to hindleg, lower quadrant
Femoral artery	Circulatory	Tunica interna prominent internal elastic membrane Tunica media (w/ smooth muscle)	chief artery of the thigh that is a continuation of the external iliac artery lying in the anterior part of the thigh
Umbilical artery	circulatory	Tunica interna prominent internal elastic membrane Tunica media (w/ smooth muscle)	carry the deoxygenated blood from the fetus
Median sacral artery	Circulatory	Tunica interna prominent internal elastic membrane Tunica media(w/smooth muscle)	Primary artery to tail
Deep circumflex artery	Circulatory	Tunica interna prominent internal elastic membrane Tunica media (w/smooth muscle)	branch from the deep femoral artery or from the femoral artery itself
Deep femoral artery	Circulatory	Tunica interna prominent internal elastic membrane Tunica media (w/ smooth muscle)	deep branch of the femoral artery formed where it divides
External iliac vein	Circulatory	Tunica intima-endothelium Tunica media- smooth muscle Tunica adventitia collagen fibers	Braches from more superficial parts of thigh, lower quadrant converge through this into caudal vena cava
Internal iliac vein	Circulatory	Tunica intima-endothelium Tunica media- smooth muscle Tunica adventitia collagen fibers	Femoral vein is a branch of this drains from thigh, hindleg
Femoral vein	Circulatory	Tunica intima-endothelium Tunica media- smooth muscle Tunica adventitia collagen fibers	Vein from the thigh
Median sacral vein	Circulatory	Tunica intima-endothelium Tunica media- smooth muscle Tunica adventitia collagen fibers	Drains from tail
Deep circumflex vein	Circulatory	Tunica intima-endothelium Tunica media- smooth muscle Tunica adventitia collagen fibers	Drains from muscles and skin of lower abdomen, into external iliac vein
Deep femoral vein	Circulatory	Tunica intima-endothelium Tunica media- smooth muscle Tunica adventitia collagen fibers	Drains from thigh
Testis	Reproductive	Pseudostratified columnar epithelial cells, Sertoli cells	male reproductive gland that usually consists largely of seminiferous tubules from the epithelium of which spermatozoa develop, that contains androgen-secreting cells
Inguinal canal	Reproductive/accessory	Squamous epithelial	Canal through which the testis descends into the scrotum and in which the spermatic cord lies
Epididymis	Reproductive	Glandular epithelium	system of ductules that emerges posteriorly from the testis, holds sperm during maturation
Ductus deferens	Reproductive	Pseudostratified columnar epithelium	Sperm carrying ducts
Gubernaculum	accessory	Fibrocartilage	Support for testis and epididymal structures
Spermatic cord	Reproductive	Pseudostratified columnar epithelium	cord that suspends the testis within the scrotum, contains the vas deferens and vessels and nerves of the testis
Bulbourethral glands	Reproductive/accessory	Glandular epithelium	discharges a secretion into the semen
Prostate gland	Reproductive	Glandular epithelium	secretes an alkaline viscid fluid which is a major constituent of the ejaculatory fluid
Seminal vesicle	Reproductive	Glandular epithelium	secrete a sugar- and protein-containing fluid into the ejaculatory duct
Urethra	Excretory	Transitional epithelial	canal that carries urine from the bladder (and sometimes reproductive materials)
Bladder	Excretory	Stratified epithelial	Vessel that collects urine prior to excretion
Kidney	Excretory	Cuboidal epithelial. Stratified epithelial	regulate acid-base concentration, maintain proper water and electrolyte balance, filter blood of metabolic wastes, excrete those as urine
Adrenal gland	endocrine	Epithelial	Endocrine, produces norep, epinephrine, and androgenic hormones
Ureter	Excretory	Transitional Epithelium	Carries urine from kidneys to bladder
Vaginal vestibule	Reproductive/excretory	Stratified squamous	Intermediary space between uterus and outside world
Vagina	Reproductive	Pseudostratified columnar epithelial	Also called birth canal, pathway for intercourse and offspring
Cervix	Reproductive	Stratified epithelial	The neck of the Uterus
Uterine body	Reproductive	Three layers of epithelia	Location of fetal development in
Round ligament	Accessory	Dense connective tissue	Support to body of uterus
Broad ligament	Accessory	Dense connective tissue	Support kidneys hold them suspended.
Oviduct (fallopian tube/ uterine tube)	Reproductive	Pseudostratified columnar epithelial cells	tube that transports eggs from the ovary to the uterus
Ovary	Reproductive	Ligaments, glandular epithelial cells	Egg/ hormone production
Trapezius	Muscular	Skeletal muscle	makes it possible to raise the head and shoulders
Deltoideus	Muscular	Skeletal muscle	Shoulder abduction, flexion, extension
Supraspinatus	Muscular	Skeletal muscle	Abduction of arm, stabilizes humerus
Triceps brachii	Muscular	Skeletal muscle	Extends forearm/ adduct shoulder
Brachiocephalicus	Muscular	Skeletal muscle	To turn/ lift head
Extensor carpi radialis	Muscular	Skeletal muscle	Extensor at wrist; abducts wrist
Flexor carpi radialis	Muscular	Skeletal muscle	Flex and abduct the hand
Rhomboideus capitus	Muscular	Skeletal muscle	Retracts scapula
Rhomboidedus cervicus and thoracis	Muscular	Skeletal muscle	Retracts scapula, rotates it, fixes it to thoracic wall
Serratus ventralis	Muscular	Skeletal muscle	Elevates scapula and tilts it
Splenius	Muscular	Skeletal muscle	Extension, flexion, rotation muscle of neck
Latissimus dorsi	Muscular	Skeletal muscle	moves the forelimb dorsally and posteriorly
Erector spinae	Muscular	Skeletal muscle	Extension, flexion through length of spine
Biceps brachii	Muscular	Skeletal muscle	Flexes elbow; action of forearm turn hand toward face
Coracobrachialis	Muscular	Skeletal muscle	Adducts humerus
Brachialis	Muscular	Skeletal muscle	powerful flexor of the elbow
Flexor carpi ulnaris	Muscular	Skeletal muscle	Flex and adduct the hand
Pectoralis superficialis	Muscular	Skeletal muscle	Adducts, medially rotates humerus
Pectoralis profundus	Muscular	Skeletal muscle	stabilizes the scapula, extension of arm
Tensor facia latae	Muscular	Skeletal muscle	Extends hindlimb
Iliacus	Muscular	Skeletal muscle	Flex hip, rotate thigh
Rectus femoris	Muscular	Skeletal muscle	Extends hindlimb
Vastus medialis	Muscular	Skeletal muscle	Extends hindlimb
Pectineus	Muscular	Skeletal muscle	Flex hip, abducts thigh
Psoas major	Muscular	Skeletal muscle	Flex hip, rotate thigh
Adductor	Muscular	Skeletal muscle	Adducts thigh
Sartorius	Muscular	Skeletal muscle	Extends hindlimb, adducts thigh
Gracilis	Muscular	Skeletal muscle	Adducts thigh
Semimembranosus	Muscular	Skeletal muscle	Extends hip, adducts hindleg
Semitendinosus	Muscular	Skeletal muscle	Extends, flexes hindlimb
Tibialis anterior	Muscular	Skeletal muscle	Flexes hindfoot
Gluteus superficialis	Muscular	Skeletal muscle	Abducts thigh
Gluteus medius	Muscular	Skeletal muscle	Abducts and extends thigh
Vastus lateralis	Muscular	Skeletal muscle	Extends hindlimb
Gastrocnemius	Muscular	Skeletal muscle	Extend hindfoot
Biceps femoris	Muscular	Skeletal muscle	Abducts thigh, flexes hindlimb